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Spending through the Tax System: Tax Expenditures TPP 09/01

Tax expenditure analysis

The TE concept allows analysts to apply different analytical lenses to different parts of the tax system. Analysts looking at government spending have historically used different tools from those used by tax analysts (Brooks, 2009). For instance, tax analysts often support a broad based tax system that is broad based, while recommendations for government spending often support spending that is carefully targeted at a limited group.

Table 1 - Comparative analytical techniques
Tax analysis Spending analysis
  • Taxes should be horizontally equitable.
  • Equivalent taxpayers should pay equivalent taxes.
  • Spending should be well targeted to reach a limited or tightly specified group of people.
  • Taxes affect behaviour which can create a cost.
  • Revenue should be raised in such a way that the costs - excess burden - of taxation are minimised.
  • Taxes should be neutral between taxpayers and types of economic activities.   
  • Spending should be configured to solve a well defined problem or achieve a specific policy goal ie, to change or improve incentives or behaviour.   
  • Tax should be simple and transparent to reduce compliance costs, tax structuring, and avoidance.
  • Policy should be made through the most appropriate mechanism to reduce implementation costs for the government and society.

The inclusion of government spending in tax legislation and lack of information on the related fiscal cost has meant that equivalent government spending is assessed using different criteria.

The OECD notes that tax expenditures have a role to play (OECD, 2008) and that there may be legitimate reasons why the tax system may, or may not, be a suitable channel for government spending. However, a full discussion of the pros and cons of using TEs as a spending mechanism lies beyond the scope of this report. A decision to report on TEs merely informs the public of the cost of policy without judging the merits of the policies reported.

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