Glossary of Terms (continued)
Line-by-line consolidation
This is a term used to refer to the general approach to the presentation of the Crown financial statements. It means that the individual line items for revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities in the Crown financial statements include all departments, Offices of Parliament, the Reserve Bank, SOEs, Crown entities, and other entities controlled by the Government.
Marketable securities
Assets held with financial institutions. These assets are held for both cash flow and investment purposes, and include any funds the Government has invested in the International Monetary Fund.
Monetary conditions
Aggregate monetary conditions measure the degree to which short-term interest rates and the trade-weighted exchange rate are either tightening or easing monetary policy.
Monetary policy
The Reserve Bank implements its monetary policy decisions by adjusting its official cash rate (OCR) in an effort to maintain stability in the general level of prices within a defined annual CPI target range.
Tightening monetary policy means raising the level of the OCR in order to moderate aggregate demand pressures and to reduce inflationary pressures, while easing monetary policy has the reverse effect.
Net core Crown cash flow from operations
Operating balance (before gains and losses) less retained items (eg, net surplus of SOEs, CEs and NZS Fund net revenue) less non-cash items (eg, depreciation).
Net core Crown debt
Represents GSID less core Crown financial assets (excluding advances and financial assets held by the NZS Fund). Advances and financial assets held by the NZS Fund are excluded as these assets are less liquid and they are made for public policy reasons rather than for the purposes associated with government financing. Net core Crown debt provides information about the sustainability of the Government's accounts, and is used by some international rating agencies when determining the creditworthiness of a country
Net core Crown debt (incl NZS Fund)
Represents net core Crown debt plus the financial assets of the NZS Fund.
Net international investor position
The net international investment position measures the net value of New Zealand's international assets and liabilities at a point in time.
Net worth
Total assets less total liabilities (also referred to as the Crown balance). The change in net worth in any given forecast year is largely driven by the operating balance.
Net worth excluding social assets
Net worth excluding social assets provides the government with an idea of how its assets that earn a financial return match its liabilities. The measure consists of the financial assets of the core Crown and Crown Entities, all the assets of State-Owned Enterprises (excluding the physical assets of KiwiRail), and total liabilities.
NZ IFRS
New Zealand equivalents to InternationalFinancial Reporting Standards. These standards are approved by the Accounting Standards Review Board in New Zealand and are based on the requirements of the international financial reporting standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board adjusted where appropriate for entities that are not profit oriented.
Operating balance
The operating balance is the residual of revenues less expenses plus surpluses from state-owned enterprises and Crown entities. It includes gains and losses not reported directly as a movement against net worth.
Operating balance before gains and losses
The operating balance (before gains and losses) is the operating balance excluding gains and losses. The impact of gains and losses on the operating balance can be volatile so the operating balance (before gains and losses) indicator (because it excludes gains and losses) can provide a more useful measure of underlying stewardship.
Productivity
The amount of output (e.g. GDP) per unit of input.
Projections
Projections of the key fiscal indicators beyond the five-year forecast period. The projections are based on long-run economic and fiscal assumptions. For example, the projections assume no economic cycle and constant long-run interest, inflation and unemployment rates.
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
No single widely accepted definition for the term PPP exists. However, most descriptions characterise a PPP as an arrangement between a public sector entity to deliver a public sector asset (normally infrastructure or a public facility) and/or service. In this way, PPP arrangements offer an alternative to traditional public sector procurement methods used to accomplish a public duty or responsibility.
Residual cash
The level of money the Government has available to repay debt or, alternatively, needs to borrow in any given year. Residual cash is alternatively termed “Cash available/(shortfall to be funded)”.
Residual cash is equal to net core Crown cash flow from operations excluding NZS Fund activity less core Crown capital commitments (eg, contributions to NZS Fund, purchase of assets, loans to others).
Settlement cash
This is the amount of money deposited with the Reserve Bank by registered banks. It is a liquidity mechanism used to settle wholesale obligations between registered banks and provides the basis for settling most of the retail banking transactions that occur every working day between corporate and individuals.
Specific fiscal risks
These are a category of Government decisions or circumstances which may have a material impact on the fiscal position (excluding contingent liabilities). They are not included in the main forecasts because their fiscal impact cannot be reasonably quantified, the likelihood of realisation is uncertain and/or the timing is uncertain.
System of National Accounts (SNA)
SNA is a comprehensive, consistent and flexible set of macroeconomic accounts to meet the needs of government and private sector analysts, policy-makers, and decision-takers.
Tax revenue
The accrual, rather than the cash (“tax receipts”) measure of taxation. It is a measure of tax due at a given point in time, regardless of whether or not it has actually been paid.
Tradable / non-tradable
There is no official definition of the tradable sector. In this document the tradable sector is the part of the economy particularly exposed to foreign competition. It includes primary, manufacturing and tourism industries. Non-tradable output is estimated as a residual with total real GDP.
Top-down adjustment
An adjustment to expenditure forecasts to reflect the extent to which departments use appropriations (upper spending limits) for their expenditure forecasts. As appropriations apply to the core Crown only, no adjustment is required to SOE or Crown Entity forecasts.
Total borrowings
Total borrowings represents the Government's debt obligations to external parties. Total borrowings can be split into sovereign-guaranteed debt and non-sovereign-guaranteed debt. Non-sovereign-guaranteed debt represents the debt obligations of SOEs and Crown entities that are not explicitly guaranteed by the Crown.
Trade weighted index (TWI)
A measure of movements in the New Zealand dollar against the currencies of our major trading partners. The currencies comprise the US dollar, the Australian dollar, the Japanese yen, the euro and the UK pound.
Unit labour costs
The wages and other costs associated with employment per unit of output.
Year ended
Graphs and tables use different expressions of the timeframe. For example, 2009/10 or 2010 will generally mean “year ended 30 June” unless otherwise stated.
